2025 Atlantic Hurricane Season



=2025 Atlantic hurricane season=

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Contents

 * 1 Seasonal forecasts


 * 1.1 Pre-season outlooks
 * 1.2 Mid-season outlooks
 * 2 Seasonal summary
 * 3 Systems


 * 3.1 Subtropical Storm Andrea
 * 3.2 Hurricane Barry
 * 3.3 Tropical Depression Three
 * 3.4 Tropical Storm Chantal
 * 3.5 Hurricane Dorian
 * 3.6 Tropical Storm Erin
 * 3.7 Tropical Storm Fernand
 * 3.8 Tropical Storm Gabrielle
 * 3.9 Hurricane Humberto
 * 3.10 Hurricane Jerry
 * 3.11 Tropical Storm Imelda
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.12 Tropical Storm Karen
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.13 Hurricane Lorenzo
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.14 Tropical Storm Melissa
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.15 Tropical Depression Fifteen
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.16 Tropical Storm Nestor
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.17 Tropical Storm Olga
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.18 Hurricane Pablo
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">3.19 Subtropical Storm Rebekah
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">4 Storm names
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">5 Season effects
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">6 See also
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">7 Notes
 * <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">8 References
 * 9 External links

Seasonal forecasts
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm" align="center">Predictions of tropical activity in the 2019 season Ahead of and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale) will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the state of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.[2]

Pre-season outlooks
The first forecast for the year was released by TSR on December 11, 2018, which predicted a slightly below-average season in 2019, with a total of 12 named storms, 5 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, due to the anticipated presence of El Niño conditions during the season.[3] On April 4, 2019, CSU released its forecast, predicting a near-average season of 13 named storms, 5 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes.[4] On April 5, TSR released an updated forecast that reiterated its earlier predictions.[5] North Carolina State University released their forecast on April 16, predicting slightly-above average activity with 13–16 named storms, 5–7 hurricanes and 2–3 major hurricanes.[6] On May 6, the Weather Company predicted a slightly-above average season, with 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.[7] The UK Met Office released their forecast May 21, predicting 13 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes and an accumulated cyclone energy of 109 units.[8] On May 23, NOAA released their first prediction, calling for a near-normal season with 9–15 named systems, 4–8 hurricanes, and 2–4 major hurricanes.[9] On May 30, TSR released an updated forecast which increased the number of forecast hurricanes from 5 to 6.[10]

Mid-season outlooks
On June 4, CSU updated their forecast to include a total of 14 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes, including Subtropical Storm Andrea.[11] On June 11, University of Arizona (UA) predicted above-average activities: 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and accumulated cyclone energy index of 150 units.[12] On July 4, the TSR released their first mid-season outlook, still retaining their numbers from the previous forecast.[13] On July 9, CSU released their second mid-season outlook with the same remaining numbers from their previous forecast.[14] On August 5, the CSU released their third mid-season outlook, still retaining the same numbers from their previous forecast except the slight increase of the number of hurricanes.[15] On August 6, the TSR released their second and final mid-season outlook, with the only changes of increasing the number of named storms from 12 to 13.[16] On August 8, NOAA released their second prediction with increasing the chances for 10–17 named storms, 5–9 hurricanes, and 2–4 major hurricanes,[17] suggesting above-average activity.

Seasonal summary
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Main article: Timeline of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season

Activity began when tropical Storm Andrea formed on June 7. , Activity resumed in July when e Hurricane Barry formed. Tropical Depression Three formed soon afterwards. After the dissipation of Three less than 24 hours later, activity paused again. However, nearly a month later, on August 21, Tropical Storm Chantal formed, making the 2019 hurricane season the second latest starting season of the 21st century. Early on August 24, Chantal dissipated. Later that day, the tropical depression that would become Hurricane Dorian formed. On August 26, a tropical depression formed off the coast of North Carolina. It would intensify into Tropical Storm Erin late next night. On September 3, Tropical Storm Fernand and Tropical Storm Gabrielle formed. Gabrielle would go on to become extratropical temporarily, then regenerate into a tropical storm, before becoming extratropical again and dissipating. Soon after Gabrielle became extratropical for the second and final time, a potential tropical cyclone formed which would later become Hurricane Humberto.

On September 17, two tropical depressions formed in a boom of activity in multiple cyclone basins: one in the Gulf of Mexico rapidly developed into Tropical Storm Imelda shortly before making landfall in Texas, and the other one was named Jerry on September 18. Another duo of tropical cyclones formed on September 22. One was Tropical Storm Karen in the Caribbean Sea. The other one was Tropical Depression Thirteen which eventually became Tropical Storm Lorenzo on the next day. On September 28, Hurricane Lorenzo became the easternmost Category 5 hurricane on record, which also made 2019 the seventh hurricane season to feature multiple Category 5 hurricanes. On October 11, Subtropical Storm Melissa formed, which later developed into a tropical storm before it dissipated several days later on October 14. That same day, a short-lived tropical depression developed off the coast of Africa, and degenerated into a trough on October 16. Meanwhile, a disturbance in the Caribbean Sea emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on October 17 and was designated Potential Tropical Cyclone Sixteen, which later developed into Tropical Storm Nestor on October 18. An unusual amount of activity occurred in late October with the formation of two tropical cyclones on October 25: Olga in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pablo near the Azores. Olga proceeded to be absorbed by a cold front, lasting only 6 hours as a named tropical storm, its remnants bringing heavy rain and tornadoes to the U.S. Meanwhile, Tropical Storm Pablo intensified into the sixth hurricane of the season, becoming the easternmost cyclone to do so, breaking the record set in 2005 by Hurricane Vince. Shortly after Pablo became post-tropical, on October 30, Subtropical Storm Rebekah formed west of the Azores.

The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season, as of 00:00 UTC November 1, is 124.1475 units.[nb 1] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h).

Tropical Storm Andrea
See also:

An area of low presure formed on June 3 from a rainstorm near Puerto Rico. The disoganised area moved slowly at 3 mph, 8 kmph. Soon a tropical wave that was in the region, merged with the area of low presure. The NHC forcasters were shocked, because they expected that the wave will became the dominant force in the region, instead of merging with the presure. The wave had a 30% percent chance of cyclogenesis on the NHC’s TWOs. The wave was a very rare tropical wave emerging of the coast of Africa. The EURO model was predicting its development for a week, so this was unecccpeted. Soon, the system started to move towards the Bahamas and gained latitude. The system was unsual. It became better organized druing this time, with convention increasing, and being consistent. However there was no closed low level circulation. Then it gained latitude again and started moving towards Florida. NHC discontinued a Tropical Storm Watch for the Bahamas, and issued one for Florida. Soon after a NHC Hurricane Hunter aircraft found out that the system had a closed low level circulation now. It also had tropical storm winds. So, the NHC on June 7, UTC accordingly upgraded the storm to a tropical storm, and named it Andrea. The NHC upgraded the newly issued Tropical Storm Watch to a Tropical Storm Warning for Florida at the same time. Andrea strenghed slowly for the next couple of hours, until it suddently stalled close to Florida’s coast. It started to strenghen more quickly, and the pressure even started to drop. The Euro had predicted this, so the NHC had been able to predict the system’s intification better. Florida had prepared for a tropical storm hit now. Soon after it sped up again, and at June 9, 21.00 UTC, the system made landfall in Florida, at peak intensity, with 50 mph winds and pressure of 999 mbar. At 03.00 UTC June 10 the system left Florida, and was close to emerging in the Gulf of Mexico. It weakened to a tropical depression, with 35 mph winds and pressure of 1007 mbar. At 09:00 UTC, the storm became a low pressure area and thus it disspated. Andrea caused $25 milion in damages. One person was killed due to a car accident because of the flooding the storm caused.

Hurricane Barry
Main article: Hurricane Barry (2025)

A trough of low pressure entered the Bay of Campeche on June 15. Soon after a tropical wave also enterted the region form the Carribean. The EURO model had been showing for days in its runs, that the low pressure wil affect Mexico. However it predicted that the systems will merge into one, and that new combined system might make landfall in Mexico as a hurricane. The GFS predicted that, instead the tropical wave and the trough will remain seprerate systems. The tropical wave was predicted to become a tropical cyclone and hit Mexico, while the trough will move in Louisiana’s direction instead. Another model, the CMC decided to merge the two solutions together. It showed that while the systems remained seperate in its runs, like the GFS, it predicted that the low pressure will affect the US state of Texas. The tropical wave was supposed to become a tropical cyclone and affect Mexico but it was going to merge with another tropical wave just like the EURO. Then the system was supposed to move in Florida’s direction, but it was going to hit Cuba instead. The NHC forecasters were totally confused. They didn’t know which model was correct. They had no idea whether the tropical wave and trough merge, and the resulting system hits Mexico, whether the wave and the trough remain seperate and the wave becomes a tropical cyclone that hits Mexico, or whether the systems will be seperate, the trough will affect Texas and the wave will brush Mexico’s coast, merge with another wave, move in Florida’s direction but lose latitude and hit Cuba. To add to the confusion, the ICON and UKMET showed no tropical development of either of the three systems. Andrea’s genesis earlier in the month was unexcepted but here there were three models, each showing another scenario. The NHC decided to wait.They made the Tropical wave’s chances of tropical cyclogenesis 50%, the trough’s 20% and the other wave 10%. Soon the trough and the wave started to move away from each other. The trough started to move in Florida’s direction though. The tropical wave slowly started to get better organized. Then, a part of the trough split from the main system. The dominant system continued to move east. The other part merged with the wave. After the merger, the convention increased, became more consintent. The NHC made the system a Potiential Tropical Cyclone(PTC), due to the possibility of a Mexico landfall. Soon Tropical Storm Watches were issued for Mexico, Texas,Louisiana and Florida. The large amount of watches wa due to the fact, that PTC 2 wasn’t a tropical cyclone t yet, and there was a significant uncertanity about the cyclone’s landfall location. A couple of hours later the system became Tropical Depression Two. It started to strenghen and six hours later it became Tropical Storm Barry. Barry moved in Mexico’s diretion. The Tropical Storm Watch for Mexico was upgraded to a Tropical Storm Warning. The citiziens started to prepare for the storm. Nobody knew if the system would become a hurricane or not. NHC doubt it,because it was June. Barry came closer and closer to Mexico and on June 20, 23:00 UTC made landfall there with 65 mph winds and a pressure of 994 mbar. However soon it left Mexico and moved in Texas’s direction. The storm was a strong tropical storm at landfall and barley started to weaken. The storm quickly started to strenghen and became a hurricane. It started to stall and finally made landfall in Texas on June 21 with 80 mph winds and 987 mbar pressure. The cylone weakend to a tropical storm 12 hours after landfall, and it weakend to a tropical depression 1 day and 12 hours after landfall. It dissapted soon after that.

Tropical Depression Three
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 3rd. It was well orgazined and was supposed to develop for days. Finally for traveling for two days in the ocean its convention increased. The NHC cound’t send an aircraft to the wave because it was too far away. Howerver ASCAT was here to help. It showed that the wave’s circulation was well defined and closed. The NHC soon after upgraded the wave to Tropical Depression Three. It started to strenghen qiuckly. The models predicted a strong system or a hurricane in the Carrabiean or near the Bahamas. It was supposed to be a category 3 hurricane. People were worried. The HWRF predicted a 175 mph storm because the model was insane. After seeing the HWRF people were EVEN more panicked. NHC reassured them that it was just a depression and when it becomes a tropical storm they will use Topical Storm Watches, Warnings and Hurricane Watches. The people were glad and waited. Soon after wind shear increased. The wave which had the winds of 35 mph and a pressure of 1002 mbars did not survive. It woud have lived if it weren’t for the fact that the dry air and wind shear teamed up. They killed the wave. The 15 knot wind shear and a little bit of dry air was too much. It lost its convention and its circulation dissapeared. People who already made hashtags #Hurricane Chantal noticed that it died before even becoming a Tropical Storm. Hurricane fans were bittersweet about it. They were sad the depression never became a tropical storm, but they were glad it never became a deadly hurricane.

Hurricane Dorian
Main article: Hurricane Dorian

On August 23, a low-pressure area developed in association with a tropical wave over the open Atlantic Ocean, between the Cape Verde Islands and the Lesser Antilles.[45] The system quickly organized overnight and on August 24, it was classified as a tropical depression several hundred miles east-southeast of Barbados.[46] That same day, it achieved tropical storm status and was given the name Dorian.[47] At first, the system remained small and weak; however, on August 25, it began to strengthen and expand in size.[48] At 1800 UTC on August 28, Dorian reached hurricane status at landfall on the US Virgin Islands. A weather station reported winds of 82 mph (132 km/h) and a gust of 111 mph (179 km/h).[49] There was some dry air still in the system after moving to the north. Eventually, the dry air was expelled from the system, which promoted rapid intensification; Dorian reached Category 3 major hurricane strength on August 30.[50] Rapid intensification continued thereafter, and Dorian reached Category 4 intensity that night, having intensified from a Category 2 hurricane to a Category 4 hurricane in just over 9 hours.[51][52] Dorian strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane on September 1. This made 2019 the record fourth consecutive year to feature a Category 5 hurricane, surpassing the three-year period from 2003–2005.[53] The system continued to strengthen rapidly throughout the day, becoming the strongest hurricane to impact the northwestern Bahamas since modern records began. Dorian made landfall on Elbow Cay at 16:40 UTC that day with 1-minute sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h); the storm continued strengthening during landfall, with its minimum central pressure bottoming out at 910 millibars (26.87 inHg) a few hours later, reaching peak intensity.[54][55] At 02:00 UTC on the next day, Dorian made landfall on Grand Bahama near the same intensity, with the same sustained wind speed.[56] A few hours later, Dorian stalled just north of Grand Bahama island, as the Bermuda High situated to the northeast of the storm collapsed.[57][58] Around the same time, the combination of an eyewall replacement cycle and upwelling of cold water caused Dorian to begin weakening.[59] Hurricane Dorian weakened to a Category 2 hurricane on September 3, before beginning to move northwestward at 15:00 UTC, parallel to the east coast of Florida; Dorian's wind field expanded during this time.[60] At 06:00 UTC on September 5, Dorian moved over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and completed its eyewall replacement cycle, reintensifying into a Category 3 hurricane.[61] However, several hours later, Dorian moved into a more hostile environment, encountering more wind shear and dry air, which caused the storm to weaken to a Category 2 hurricane, and later to Category 1 intensity, early on September 6.[62] At 12:35 UTC that day, Dorian made landfall on Cape Hatteras, North Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane.[63] On September 7, Dorian transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. At 18:00 UTC that day, Dorian intensified into a Category 2-equivalent extratropical storm, due to baroclinic forcing.[64] Several hours later, at 7:05 p.m. AST on September 7, Dorian made landfall in Sambro Creek, Nova Scotia as a Category 2-equivalent extratropical storm,[65] before making another landfall on the northern part of Newfoundland several hours later.[66] Early on September 9, Dorian weakened and moved away from Atlantic Canada, and the NHC issued their final advisory on the storm.[67]

Hurricane Dorian killed more than 70 people and caused more than $8.3 billion (2019 USD) in damage, with the vast majority of the deaths and damage occurring in the Bahamas, which was the hardest-hit area by the storm.[68][69][70][71][72]

Tropical Storm Erin
Early on August 21, the NHC started to monitor a disturbance over the Bahamas for potential development.[73] The disturbance continued northwestward, and briefly moved over Florida. The system weakened, and then it re-emerged over the Atlantic. A few days later, after having moved northeastward away from Florida, the system was still poorly organized, but a closed circulation prompted the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Six at 2100 UTC August 26.[74] Due to northwesterly wind shear, convection was displaced to the south-east quadrant of the center, and so the system struggled to strengthen for a while.[75] However, the center soon moved closer to the convection, which then began to envelop it. This prompted the National Hurricane Center to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Erin.[76] Wind shear displaced convection from the storm's center of circulation a few hours later, weakening the system back to a tropical depression.[77] A day later, Erin transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, and the NHC discontinued advisories on the system.[78]

In Nova Scotia, precipitation from the remnants of Erin was higher than for all of July and August combined before the storm. According to the Meteorological Service of Canada, the Annapolis Valley and the Bay of Fundy region received the most precipitation with a maximum of 162 mm at Parrsboro and 127 mm at Greenwood. Elsewhere, 53 mm fell in Halifax, 79 mm in Yarmouth, and at the peak of precipitation, several stations reported rates greater than 30 mm per hour, resulting in increased runoff, causing flash floods and the wash out of roads.[79]

On the New Brunswick side, rain affected the southern part of the province with maximums of 56 mm in Fredericton, 50 mm in Moncton and 44 mm in Saint John.[80] In Prince Edward Island, accumulations ranged from 30 to 60 mm with a maximum of 66 mm in Summerside.[81] However, volunteers' weather stations reported up to 111 mm at Jolicure/Sackville in New Brunswick and up to 95 mm at Borden-Carleton on Prince Edward Island, along the same axis as the Nova Scotia maximums. In Quebec, regions near the Gulf of St. Lawrence also received about 50 mm of rain.[82]

Tropical Storm Fernand
Main article: Tropical Storm Fernand (2019)

A broad area of low pressure began to be monitored over the southeast Gulf of Mexico on August 31 for potential tropical cyclone development.[83] The system gradually developed while moving slowly westward. On September 2, the satellite imagery showed that the surface circulation became better defined, and that the system was more concentrated.[84] On September 3, the disturbance was designated as Potential Tropical Cyclone Seven, with a virtually certain chance of tropical cyclone development.[85] Six hours later, the system organized into the seventh tropical depression of the season[86] and rapidly developed into Tropical Storm Fernand.[87] Fernand made landfall just north of La Pesca in Tamaulipas, Mexico, on September 4, bringing heavy rainfall and storm surge.[88] The storm weakened rapidly and dissipated within 12 hours of landfall.[89]

Fernand brought torrential rainfall to the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosí. Fernand also dumped heavy rainfall over South Texas. In preparation for the storm, the Mexican government activated Plan DN-III-E, sending 4,000 troops to the northeastern states to assist in disaster relief. In Nuevo León, schools and public transport lines were closed on September 5 but resumed operations the next day. Of the states, Nuevo León was the hardest hit, suffering at least MX$4.2 billion (US$213 million) in damage. In some places, six months of rain fell in six hours. Landslides were reported near the state's capital, Monterrey. Homes, roads, bridges, and at least 400 schools were damaged. In García, a Venezuelan man died after he was swept away by floodwaters while attempting to clear a drain; the two people he was working with managed to escape. On September 7, governor of Nuevo León, Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, declared a state of emergency to request for state funds to address the damage. Elsewhere, in Tamaulipas, 12 in (300 mm) of rain fell in 48 hours, leading to some coastal flooding.[90][91]

Tropical Storm Gabrielle
On August 30, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave emerging from the west coast of Africa.[92] Over the next few days, the disturbance slowly organized while moving westward, and the system strengthened into the eighth tropical depression of the season late on September 3, before intensifying further into Tropical Storm Gabrielle overnight.[93][94] The system remained poorly organized, and Gabrielle encountered high wind shear and dry air soon afterward, causing the storm to degenerate into a remnant low at 03:00 UTC on September 6.[95] However, convection began to appear on the northern part of the center within six hours, marking Gabrielle's regeneration into a tropical storm.[96] Soon afterward, Gabrielle began tracking westward, before turning northeastward and leaving the northern part of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, on September 9.[97] On the next day, Gabrielle degenerated into an extratropical cyclone. Gabrielle's remnants later struck the British Isles on September 12.[98]

Hurricane Humberto
Main article: Hurricane Humberto (2019)

Early on September 8, at 03:00 UTC, the NHC began monitoring a disturbance to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles for potential tropical cyclone development.[99] During the few days, the disturbance moved westward while remaining disorganized.[100] On September 12, the disturbance rapidly organized over the southeastern Bahamas,[101] and as the system posed an imminent threat to land areas, the NHC initiated advisories on Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine at 21:00 UTC that day.[102] 24 hours later, the system developed into a tropical depression, while moving northwestward.[103] before strengthening further into Tropical Storm Humberto later that day.[104] On September 14, Humberto passed to the east of the Abaco Islands staying just off the eastern coastline.[105] On September 16, at 03:00 UTC, Humberto intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, while turning to the northeast.[106] Humberto further intensified into a Category 3 major hurricane at 00:00 UTC on the next day.[107] It passed just north of Bermuda and brought hurricane-force winds on the island. After passing Bermuda, Humberto slightly strengthened, then weakened, and finally became an extratropical cyclone at 03:00 UTC on September 20.[108]

Hurricane Jerry
On September 9, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and emerged into the Atlantic, and the NHC began to monitor the system for potential tropical development.[109] Tracking slowly westward across the Atlantic, the tropical wave remained disorganized until September 16, when the system's organization significantly increased.[110] On September 17, the disturbance organized into Tropical Depression Ten.[111] Early on September 18, the tropical depression strengthened into a tropical storm and received the name Jerry.[112] The next day, Jerry intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, and 12 hours later, it further intensified to a Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 90 kn (105 mph; 165 km/h).[113] A slight increase in upper-level winds caused the storm to weaken back to a tropical storm about 24 hours later.[114] Jerry slowly weakened as it approached the island of Bermuda, and early on September 25, Jerry finally transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone.

Tropical Storm Imelda
Main article: Tropical Storm Imelda

On September 14, the NHC began monitoring an upper-level low off the west coast of Florida for possible tropical development.[115] During the next several days, the system moved westward across the Gulf of Mexico, though the NHC gave the disturbance only a low chance of development. By September 17, the system had reached the east coast of Texas.[116] Soon afterward, organization in the system rapidly increased, and at 17:00 UTC that day, the system organized into Tropical Depression 11, just off the coast of Texas.[117] The storm continued strengthening while approaching land, becoming Tropical Storm Imelda at 17:45 UTC.[118] Shortly thereafter, at 18:30 UTC, Imelda made landfall near Freeport, Texas at peak intensity, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,005 millibars (29.7 inHg).[119] Imelda weakened after landfall, becoming a tropical depression at 03:00 UTC on the next day. At that time, the NHC passed on the responsibility for issuing advisories to the Weather Prediction Center (WPC).[120]

Imelda brought catastrophic flooding to Southeast Texas, with more than 40 inches of rain in some areas. It is the fifth-wettest tropical cyclone to strike the continental United States.[121] Total damages from Imelda are expected to exceed US$2 billion.[72]

Tropical Storm Karen
On September 18, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave midway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles for possible tropical cyclone development.[122] On September 22, the system developed a closed center of circulation and was named Karen just east of Tobago.[123] After crossing the Lesser Antilles and emerging into the Caribbean Sea, Karen weakened to a depression as it turned northwards, heading for Puerto Rico.[124] The next day, it reintensified back to a tropical storm just south of the island.[125] Despite repeated predictions of intensification, the storm remained weak over the next few days due to unfavorable conditions, before the circulation of Karen opened up into a trough on September 27 well to the southeast of Bermuda.

With the formation of Karen, tropical storm warnings and red alerts were issued for Trinidad and Tobago.[126] Karen brought severe flash floods to Tobago, trapping some people in their houses, as well as uprooting trees and causing several power outages.[127] Several roads were blocked due to mudslides and downed trees. In addition, seven boats in Plymouth sank after a jetty broke.[128] It was also announced that all schools would be closed on Monday, September 23rd.[129] Swells generated by Karen caused flooding and power outages in Caracas and La Guaira.[130] Tropical storm watches were issued for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands as Karen was forecasted to move toward those islands.[131] The governor of Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency on September 23 and ordered schools and government offices to close as Karen advances. The Virgin Islands also closed their schools as the storm approached.[132] People who were living in flood-prone areas were asked to seek shelter.[133] Mudslides and power outages were reported in the U.S. Virgin Islands as Karen passed the islands; more than 29,000 people lost power due to the storm in Puerto Rico.[132][134]

Hurricane Lorenzo
Main article: Hurricane Lorenzo (2019)

On September 19, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave that was forecast to emerge from the west coast of Africa. On September 22, the tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean.[135] The system quickly organized afterward, and at 03:00 UTC on the next day, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Thirteen.[136] Twelve hours later, the tropical depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Lorenzo over the far eastern Atlantic Ocean.[137] Early on September 25, the storm reached hurricane strength.[138] On the morning of September 26, the storm underwent a period of extremely rapid intensification; Lorenzo's maximum sustained winds increased 35 mph (55 km/h) in just six hours and brought the storm to Category 4 major hurricane status. As Lorenzo began to turn slowly northward, it weakened with the onset of an eyewall replacement cycle on September 27.[139] However, after bottoming out as a low-end Category 3 hurricane, Lorenzo completed its eyewall replacement cycle and began another period of rapid intensification, strengthening into a Category 5 hurricane early on September 29. This made Lorenzo the easternmost Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record.[140]

After reaching peak intensity, Lorenzo began to weaken again due to a third eyewall replacement cycle, the upwelling of the cold water beneath the hurricane and rapidly increasing southwesterly wind shear. Lorenzo dropped back to Category 2 strength late on September 29, as it approached the Azores. Lorenzo slowly weakened as it passed the islands, and its windfield continued to expand as it began its extratropical transition[141]. Lorenzo became fully extratropical at 16:00 UTC October 2.[142] On October 3 and 4, as an extratropical cyclone, the system battered the British Isles with tropical storm-force winds, causing some damage.

On September 27, a French ship Bourbon Rhode, with 14 crew members onboard, sank in the outer rain bands of Lorenzo. Three of them were rescued on a lifeboat; but 7 remain missing.[143] Four of the missing crew have been confirmed dead as of October 2.[144] Additionally, four people drowned after being caught in rip currents in North Carolina.[145] In New York City, three people were swept away by strong waves. One of them was rescued later, but the other two were confirmed dead.[146]

Tropical Storm Melissa
On October 10, a weak non-tropical low-pressure system that had been tracking slowly up the eastern coast of the United States merged with an expansive storm-force nor'easter situated southeast of New England.[147][148] Contrary to forecasts, the system began to show signs of development on the morning of October 11, with shower and thunderstorm activity increasing in organization around the extratropical cyclone's center.[149] Visible satellite imagery showed a large convective rainband in the northern semicircle of the circulation as well as an eye-like feature, indicating that the system was acquiring subtropical characteristics. Development continued in the ensuing hours, leading the National Hurricane Center to initiate advisories on the system at 15:00 UTC, designating it as Subtropical Storm Melissa while the system was at its peak strength.[150] The storm began to weaken slightly, yet at 21:00 the next day, satellite imagery revealed Melissa had convection wrapped around the center, indicating that Melissa made the transition from a subtropical to a tropical storm.[151] Melissa rapidly degenerated over the next day, significantly decreasing in size before becoming extratropical on October 14.

The nor'easter and subsequent (sub)tropical storm caused heavy surf and storm surge along the coast of the Mid-Atlantic States. In Maryland, flooding from increased high tides from the storm forced street closures in Crisfield and Salisbury.[152] In Delaware, waves from the storm caused beach erosion and flooded streets in Bethany Beach while homes and streets were flooded in Dewey Beach.[153][154] Waves from the storm caused coastal flooding in various parts of the Jersey Shore including Long Beach Island and Atlantic City. The flooding forced the cancellation of the first day of the LBI International Kite Festival.[155]

Tropical Depression Fifteen
On October 11, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave that would emerge off of the coast of Africa early next week. The wave was described as “vigorous” and quickly organized. By October 14, the low-pressure system became organized enough to be designated Tropical Depression Fifteen at 20.2°W.[156] The depression quickly lost its organized structure and did not intensify into a tropical storm, in contrast to the forecast. On October 16, the system degenerated into a trough[157], but its remnants lasted multiple days according to satellite imagery.

Tropical Storm Nestor
At 00:00 UTC October 11, the NHC began tracking a broad area of low pressure that was expected to emerge into the southwestern Caribbean Sea over the weekend.[158] On October 14, the disturbance moved inland over Central America, briefly disorganized and brought heavy rains, then emerged off the Bay of Campeche on October 16.[159] The system quickly re-organized as it passed over the warm waters of the Southern Gulf of Mexico, and, due to its threat to the southeastern United States, was designated as Potential Tropical Cyclone Sixteen at 13:00 UTC the next day.[160] Sixteen then quickly intensified the next day, having maximum sustained winds of 50 kn (60 mph; 95 km/h), becoming one of the strongest potential tropical cyclones designated by the National Hurricane Center. [161] It was upgraded to Tropical Storm Nestor soon after.[162] Much of the strong convective thunderstorms related to the storm were displaced to the east and north of the center, giving Nestor an asymmetrical appearance. Nestor then transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on October 19th, after only lasting a mere 18 hours as a tropical cyclone. The NHC continued advisories on Nestor until it moved inland over the Florida Panhandle later the same day.[163]

Rainfall and storm surge from Nestor caused coastal flooding and flash flooding across the Florida Panhandle, with some areas experiencing over 3 inches of rainfall.[164] Nestor brought moderate damage to the Florida Panhandle, mainly due to the much stronger Hurricane Michael striking the same area the previous season.[165] The outer bands produced several tornadoes. The strongest was rated EF2 and was on the ground for 9 miles (14 km)—an uncommonly long track for the region—through western Polk County, from Lakeland Linder International Airport to northwest Polk County, between 10:59PM and 11:29PM on October 18, causing modest damage to homes, overturning a semi truck and sending debris into vehicles as it crossed Interstate 4, and tearing a large portion of roof off of a middle school.[166][167][168][169] An EF0 tornado briefly touched down in central Pinellas County earlier in the evening, causing minor damage and knocking out power, and an EF1 tornado briefly touched down in Cape Coral on Saturday morning.[168][170] Heavy rains from Nestor caused a car crash in South Carolina, which killed three people and left five injured.[171]

Tropical Storm Olga
At 00:00 UTC on October 23, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave located over Belize. The wave entered the Bay of Campeche the next day and unexpectedly underwent rapid organization, being designated Tropical Depression Seventeen the day after that. The depression continued to strengthen and organize, becoming Tropical Storm Olga on October 25.[172] A mere six hours after being named, however, Olga merged with a cold front and became post-tropical. The remnants of Olga caused many tornadoes across the Mobile Area. In Louisiana, over 130,000 customers lost power, including Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport.[173] Later, its remnants accelerated northeast and eventually hit Canada, bringing heavy rain and gusty winds to Ontario. Olga's winds also caused Lake Erie to experience a seiche, with water levels at the eastern end of the lake rising by 7.5 ft (2.3 m). Olga's remnants soon dissipated over Quebec.[174]

Hurricane Pablo
On October 25, the NHC identified an area of concentrated thunderstorms embedded within an extratropical cyclone southwest of the Azores. The small area rapidly organized, and gained tropical characteristics nine hours later, becoming Tropical Storm Pablo. Pablo's small size allowed it to easily gain deep convection, as well as an eye-like feature for about 4 hours, even while over cooler sea temperatures. Pablo began to intensify more as it passed near the Eastern Azores on the 26th. The following day, cloud tops around the small eye suddenly cooled and wind speeds increased, leading the NHC to designate Pablo a Category 1 hurricane on October 27 at 15:00 UTC.[175] Upon doing so, Pablo broke the record for becoming a hurricane this far east, at 18.3°W, breaking Hurricane Vince of 2005's record of 18.9°W.[176] After achieving its peak intensity, Pablo finally weakened due to the very cold waters it was traversing. Pablo weakened back to a tropical storm at 03:00 UTC the next day, and continued to weaken as it crawled northward.[177][178] Pablo became devoid of deep convection and was declared post-tropical at 15:00 UTC on October 28.[179]

Subtropical Storm Rebekah
On October 28, the NHC began to monitor a hurricane-force extratropical cyclone about 400 miles (640 km) west of the Azores. The disturbance moved south and weakened, but subsequently began to acquire subtropical characteristics. On October 30, convection had appeared to wrap around the storm’s center, suggesting the extratropical storm had made a subtropical transition. As a result, the NHC deemed it as Subtropical Storm Rebekah.[180] It reached peak intensity later that day, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). The storm stayed at this exact intensity with little weakening for most of its lifetime. However, due to hostile conditions enhanced by cold sea surface temperatures, Rebekah rapidly weakened on the night of October 31 and became post-tropical early on November 1, as it was moving to the north of the Azores.

Storm names
See also: Tropical cyclone naming § North Atlantic Ocean

The following list of names that is used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2025 Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2026. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2031 season. This is the same list used in the 2019season, with the exceptions of Dylan, Ivy and L, which replaced Dorian,Imelda and Lorenzo respetively. The names Dylan, TBD and TBD were used for the first time this year.

Season effects
This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, affected areas, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a tropical wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in USD. Potential tropical cyclones are not included in this table. <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm" align="center">2019 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics

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